There is a great article by the American government CDC department about mossies and travelling, but this is worth a read for residents here too. One thing I would suggest for anyone travelling abroad especially to Africa, is speak to your doctor before you go, to see what you need to take with you or any preventative medication prior to your holiday. This is a must for people with weakened immune systems. Oh, take out great holiday and travel insurance that will ensure you are covered, if you become sick.
Uncovering the Connection: The Role of Tiger Mosquitoes in the Surge of Dengue Fever Cases in Europe
As you venture outdoors, you may not be aware of the tiny invaders lurking in the shadows, waiting to strike. The Asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, has made its way to Europe, bringing with it a host of diseases like dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus. Climate change has created an ideal environment for these invasive mosquitoes to thrive, and their presence has been linked to a surge in dengue fever cases across the continent. In this article, we’ll probe into the connection between tiger mosquitoes and the rise of dengue fever in Europe, and explore what you can do to protect yourself from these disease-carrying insects.
The Rise of Tiger Mosquitoes in Europe
Before we look into the connection between tiger mosquitoes and the surge of dengue fever cases in Europe, it’s important to understand the rapid spread of these invasive species across the continent.
Invasive Species Spreading Across the Continent
Spreading rapidly from their southern European “base camp,” the Asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, has become established in 13 countries in the EU, including Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, and Spain. Additionally, it has been recorded in Belgium, Cyprus, Czechia, the Netherlands, and Slovakia.
Climate Change Creating Favorable Conditions
On top of the existing threat, climate change is creating an environment conducive to the spread of tiger mosquitoes. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns are allowing these mosquitoes to thrive in areas previously unsuitable for them.
Change in climate conditions is particularly concerning, as it enables tiger mosquitoes to spread into new areas and infect more people with diseases like dengue fever. As the ECDC director, Andrea Ammon, notes, “Europe is already seeing how climate change is creating more favourable conditions for invasive mosquitoes to spread into previously unaffected areas and infect more people with diseases such as dengue.” This shift in climate conditions is expected to increase the risk of local outbreaks, making it crucial for you to take personal protective measures and remain vigilant about the presence of these mosquitoes in your area.
The Connection to Dengue Fever
Some experts believe that the rapid spread of tiger mosquitoes across Europe is linked to the surge in dengue fever cases on the continent.
Mosquito-Borne Diseases on the Rise
For decades, mosquito-borne diseases were largely confined to tropical regions. However, with climate change creating favorable conditions for mosquitoes to thrive, these diseases are now spreading to new areas, including Europe.
Dengue Fever Cases Increasing in Europe
In a paper by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Europe is witnessing a significant rise in dengue fever cases, with 130 locally-acquired infections reported in 2023, up from 71 the previous year, compared to the eleven years where only 71 cases were reported between 2010 and 2021. Most European cases are still imported, but the number of locally-acquired cases is increasing, highlighting the growing presence of tiger mosquitoes on the continent.
To understand the severity of the situation, consider that dengue fever is endemic in over 100 countries worldwide, with more than six million cases and 7,000 deaths reported last year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The highest number of cases occur in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. As tiger mosquitoes continue to spread across Europe, the risk of more outbreaks increases, and it’s crucial for you to take personal protective measures to prevent the spread of this disease.
The Asian Tiger Mosquito: Aedes Albopictus
As you probe into the world of tiger mosquitoes, you’ll discover that the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a species like no other. Native to Southeast Asia, this invasive species has spread its wings to conquer new territories, including Europe.
Characteristics and Habitat
Habitat-wise, the Asian tiger mosquito thrives in areas with standing water, where it can lay its eggs. This adaptable species can be found in a variety of environments, from urban centers to rural areas, and even in your own backyard. With its distinctive white stripes on its body, the Asian tiger mosquito is a striking insect that’s hard to miss.
Role in Spreading Diseases
Spreading diseases is the Asian tiger mosquito’s unfortunate claim to fame. As a vector for diseases like dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus, this mosquito poses a significant threat to human health. Its ability to transmit these diseases makes it a formidable foe in the fight against infectious diseases.
It’s worth noting that the Asian tiger mosquito’s role in spreading diseases is not limited to its native habitat. As it expands its territory, it brings its disease-carrying capabilities with it, putting new populations at risk. This is particularly concerning in Europe, where the mosquito has established itself in several countries, including France, Spain, and Greece.
Other Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Unlike dengue fever, which has been gaining attention in recent years, there are other mosquito-borne diseases that are equally concerning and warrant your attention.
As you explore the role of tiger mosquitoes in the surge of dengue fever cases in Europe, it’s imperative to understand that these mosquitoes are capable of transmitting other diseases as well. In this section, we’ll research into the world of chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika virus, which are all linked to the tiger mosquito.
Chikungunya: A Lesser-Known Disease
One of the lesser-known diseases transmitted by tiger mosquitoes is chikungunya. Derived from the Swahili word “kungunyala,” this disease is characterized by high fever and pain in the articulations, often causing patients to stoop forward due to musculoskeletal symptoms.
Yellow Fever and Zika Virus
Diseases like yellow fever and Zika virus are also transmitted by mosquitoes, including the tiger mosquito. While they may not be as prevalent in Europe as dengue fever, it’s crucial to understand their risks and consequences.
Understanding the transmission cycle of these diseases is vital in preventing outbreaks. When an infected person is bitten by a mosquito, the virus enters the mosquito’s digestive system and travels to its salivary glands, where it replicates. This makes the mosquito thirsty, leading it to bite more people and spread the disease further. As the infected person’s temperature rises, they become more attractive to mosquitoes, perpetuating the cycle.
How Did the Tiger Mosquito Arrive in Europe?
Once again, the question on everyone’s mind is how did this invasive species manage to spread across Europe? The answer lies in a combination of factors, including human activities and climate change.
Importation of Old Tyres and Other Items
Any guess what might have triggered the arrival of tiger mosquitoes in Europe? It’s likely that they hitched a ride on imported old tyres and other items from Asia, where the species is native. These tyres, often used for recycling, can retain small amounts of water, creating an ideal breeding ground for mosquito eggs.
Spread Through Human Travel and Trade
With the increasing movement of people and goods across borders, it’s no surprise that tiger mosquitoes have spread rapidly across Europe. International travel and trade have created opportunities for the mosquitoes to hitch a ride on planes, ships, and cars, allowing them to establish themselves in new territories.
Mosquitoes are notorious for their ability to adapt quickly to new environments, and human travel has provided them with an express ticket to spread across the continent. As people move from one place to another, they unintentionally transport mosquitoes, which then establish themselves in new areas, spreading diseases like dengue fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus.
Understanding the Behavior of Tiger Mosquitoes
After understanding the threat posed by tiger mosquitoes, it’s imperative to probe into their behavior to effectively combat the spread of dengue fever and other diseases.
Low-Flying and Short Distance Travel
Lurking close to the ground, tiger mosquitoes are low-flying insects that tend to bite ankles and calves rather than arms or faces. Their short distance travel, typically around 400m, means they don’t migrate far from their birthplace, often remaining within a 50-metre radius.
Breeding Habits and Habitat Preferences
To thrive, tiger mosquitoes need small amounts of water outdoors, which is often provided by humans through water recipients like pots, tyres, and toys. They lay their eggs in these containers, making homes with gardens, such as villas, ideal breeding grounds.
Short distances and localized breeding habits make it crucial to focus on removing stagnant water from your surroundings, using repellents, and taking personal protective measures to prevent bites. By understanding these habits, you can take proactive steps to reduce the risk of tiger mosquito-borne diseases in your area.
Prevention and Control Measures
To combat the surge of dengue fever cases in Europe, it is crucial to take proactive measures to prevent and control the spread of tiger mosquitoes.
Personal Protective Measures
An individual’s best defense against tiger mosquitoes is to take personal protective measures. When traveling to areas known to have tiger mosquitoes, wear long sleeves and apply a repellent solution containing DEET or Icaridin to all exposed areas, including the ankles. Be thorough in your application, as mosquitoes can target any missed spots.
Insect repellent: Use a DEET-based insect repellent with a concentration of at least 20% for effective protection against tiger mosquitos. Other repellents containing Icaridin or Picaridin are also effective. Always follow the instructions on the product label regarding application and reapplication.
Removing Stagnant Water and Using Repellents
Control the breeding of tiger mosquitoes by removing stagnant water from gardens or balconies, where they can lay their eggs. Use repellents and screens on windows and doors to prevent them from entering your home.
Eliminate stagnant water: This is the most crucial step. Tiger mosquitos breed in small amounts of stagnant water. Empty any containers that can hold water around your home, such as flower pots, saucers, birdbaths, and clogged gutters.
Change water regularly: If you have containers that need to hold water, like pet bowls or water features, change the water frequently (every 2-3 days) to prevent mosquito larvae from developing.
Cover water containers: Use tight-fitting lids or mesh covers on water storage containers like rain barrels.
Monitoring and Trapping Mosquitoes
Repellents are just one part of the solution. Monitoring and trapping mosquitoes are also crucial in controlling their population. Authorities have been monitoring and trapping tiger mosquitoes in areas like Paris, where the Olympic Games will take place. You can also take steps to monitor and trap mosquitoes in your own community.
Measures such as conducting detailed inspections, removing breeding sites, and using specialized traps can help reduce the population of tiger mosquitoes. By working together, we can prevent the spread of dengue fever and other diseases transmitted by these mosquitoes.
Additional Tips:
- Be aware of peak activity times: Tiger mosquitos are most active during dusk and dawn. If possible, try to minimize outdoor activities during these times.
- Air conditioning and fans: Using air conditioning or fans indoors can help to deter mosquitos from entering your living space.
- Seek medical attention: If you are bitten by a tiger mosquito and experience a severe allergic reaction (such as difficulty breathing or swelling), seek medical attention immediately.
To wrap up
On the whole, you’ve seen how the surge of dengue fever cases in Europe is closely linked to the spread of tiger mosquitoes. As you’ve learned, climate change is creating ideal conditions for these invasive species to thrive, and their presence poses a significant threat to public health.
Spanish Ministry of Health has an article on this, simply called – Tiger Mosquito: Spanish only, but can be translated using a web browser.
By understanding the habits and habitats of tiger mosquitoes, you can take personal protective measures to minimize your risk of infection. Remember to remove stagnant water from your surroundings, use repellents, and wear protective clothing when traveling to areas where tiger mosquitoes are prevalent. By being aware of the risks and taking proactive steps, you can help prevent the spread of dengue fever and other diseases transmitted by these mosquitoes.
If you haven’t read our article on cockroaches, give it a quick 5 minutes over a coffee or a cold drink.